Nursing Care of the Family During Pregnancy Quizlet

Description

1. Maternal infections during pregnancy may contribute significantly to fetal morbidity and mortality.
2. 2 of the near common groups of infections nowadays during pregnancy are sexually transmitted infections and TORCH infections.

Sexually transmitted infections include:

1. Chlamydia
2. Gonorrhea
3. Group B streptococcus
4. Hepatitis B
5. Man papillomavirus
6. Syphilis
7. Trichomonas
8. Candidiasis
9. Bacterial vaginosis
10. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

TORCH infections include:

1. Toxoplasmosis
2. Other infections- hepatitis A, infectious hepatitis, hepatitis C, or syphilis
3. Rubella
4. Cytomegalovirus
5. Herpes simplex virus

Etiology

1. Infections in this category may be caused by various viruses. Other organisms such as leaner, spirochetes, protozoa, or yeast besides may crusade maternal infections, which are harmful to the developing fetus. Even though the infection in the mother may be very mild, the effects on the fetus can be catastrophic.
2. The infections organism may be acquired during sexual intercourse, through the use of contaminated articles, such as needles; from human torso fluids (semen, saliva, claret, urine, cervical fungus, breast milk, and stool); by eating undercooked meat; or past contact with infected cat feces in the litter box, sand box, or garden soil.
3. Almost organisms cross the placenta and infect the fetus, causing birth anomalies. The fetus may also larn the organism as it travels the birth culvert during labor, causing illness after birth.

Pathophysiology

1. These infections organisms are capable of crossing the placenta and adversely affecting the evolution of the fetus. Spontaneous abortion or fetal newborn abnormalities may occur.
2. In some instances, the infection can as well cause infertility or sterility in the female parent.

Assessment Findings For Sexually Transmitted Diseases

1. Associated findings

1. Previous history of sexually transmitted disease or pelvic inflammatory disease.
2. Numerous sexual partners
3. Utilise of intravenous drugs or partners who utilise intravenous drugs

2. Common clinical manifestations

1. PROM
2. Preterm nascency
3. Systemic fetal infection

3. Laboratory and diagnostic study findings. Serologic and culture testing will reveal infection.

Assessment Findings For Torch Infections

1. Common clinical manifestations

1. Influenza-type symptoms
2. Rash
3. Lymphedema and lymphadenopathy

ii. Laboratory and diagnostic study findings. Serologic and civilisation testing volition reveal infection.

Implementation

1. Carefully screen for infections during pregnancy and treat possible infections equally ordered.

• At the get-go prenatal visit, the pregnant adult female should have a rubella titer drawn. A titer of 1:8 provides evidence of immunity. If the titer is below ane:8, rubella vaccine is offered to the woman before discharge postpartum. Those women who crave the vaccine should be cautioned non to get pregnant for at least iii months later.
• Cytomegalovirus currently has no effective therapy. This is of import to remember because the highest rate of maternal infections occurs betwixt the ages of 15 and 35. Ordinarily, the infection is symptomatic.
• Women who are presumed to be susceptible to varicella-zoster (chicken-pox) should take immune testing. Varicella-zoster allowed globulin should be administered to those who are susceptible or who take been exposed. Varicella-zoster immune globulin should exist administered to the exposed newborn within 72 hours of their birth.
• All meaning women should be screened for HbsAg, the hepatitis B surface antigen. The hepatitis B immune globulin can forbid infection in both mother and newborn. An initial injection tin be given to the newborn, followed past doses given at 1 month and 6 months of age. Adults receive iii injections that are given over a 6- to 12-month menstruation.

2. Provide client and family teaching regarding the diagnosis of infection to promote compliance with the handling program.

• Explain how maternal infections are acquired and transmitted to the developing fetus during pregnancy.
• Demonstrate proper handwashing technique, stressing that it is the unmarried most successful means of preventing infection.
• Discuss hygienic and dietary measures that reduce the risk of infection.
• Explicate the organism, test, treatment, and fetal effects of the specific infection to the client and family.
• Include the client in planning solutions for possible fetal furnishings.
• Talk over "safe sex" with the client and partner.
• Seek the couple's input for evolution of a plan for follow-upward care.

Infections During Pregnancy Practice Exam (PM)*

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Skilful luck!

Congratulations - you have completed Infections During Pregnancy Do Exam (PM)*. You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%. Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

Your answers are highlighted beneath.

In that location are 10 questions to complete.

Shaded items are complete.

1	2	3	4	5
six	7	eight	9	x
End

Y'all have completed

questions

question

Your score is

Correct

Wrong

Partial-Credit

Yous accept not finished your quiz. If you go out this page, your progress will be lost.

Correct Answer

You Selected

Not Attempted

Terminal Score on Quiz

Attempted Questions Correct

Attempted Questions Wrong

Questions Non Attempted

Total Questions on Quiz

Question Details

Results

Appointment

Score

Hint

Time allowed

minutes

seconds

Time used

Reply Choice(s) Selected

Question Text

All done

Demand more exercise!

Proceed trying!

Non bad!

Good work!

Perfect!

Risk For Maternal/Fetal Infection

Risk for Infection:  At increased risk for existence invaded past pathogenic organisms.

Risk Factors

• Inadequate chief defenses (e.g., broken peel, stasis of body fluids).
• Inadequate secondary defenses (e.g., decreased hemoglobin, immunosuppression).
• Inadequate acquired immunity.
• Environmental exposure.
• Malnutrition.
• Rupture of amniotic membranes.

Perhaps evidenced by

• [Not applicable].

Desired Outcomes

• Patient will verbalize understanding of individual causative/take a chance factors.
• Patient will review techniques and lifestyle changes to reduce hazard of infection.
• Patient will initiate behaviors to limit the spread of infection, as appropriate, and reduce the risk of complications.
• Patient volition attain timely healing, free of complications.

Nursing Interventions	Rationale
Obtain information regarding client's past and nowadays sexual partners and exposure to any STDs.	Multiple sexual partners or intercourse with bisexual men increases risk of exposure to STDs and HIV/AIDS.
Obtain information about client'southward cultural groundwork for take chances factors.	In Africa, male-to-female ratio of HIV is 1:1 owing to cultural sexual practices, poor hygiene, and inadequate wellness intendance while recent arrivals from Asia, South America, and the Caribbean islands take increased the risk of exposure to Hepatitis B virus.
Review lifestyle and profession for the presence of associated adventure factors.	Drug abusers and healthcare professionals are at chance for exposure to HIV/AIDS and HBV through contact with contaminated needles, body fluids, and claret products; tuberculosis through airborne droplets.
Appraise for whatever specific signs and symptom, if present, notify healthcare provider:	Identifiable signs of infection help in determining the mode of treatment. Some organisms have a predilection for the fetoplacental unit and the neonate, although the client may be asymptomatic; i.e., Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma organisms touch a pregnant number of meaning women and have been cultured in aborted fetuses, even though the mothers have been free of symptoms.
Visible lesions/warts;	May betoken herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSVII)/condyloma, which can be transmitted to the newborn at the fourth dimension of delivery if a lesion is present at term or if viral shedding is occurring.
Urinary frequency; dysuria; cloudy, foul-smelling urine;	May be associated with Escherichia coli or GBS, or client may take asymptomatic bacteriuria.
Change in colour, consistency, and amount of  vaginal discharge.	Thick white discharge may adviseCandida albicans infection; sparse or purulent drainage may reverberate Chlamydia; Gray-dark-green belch may indicate trichomoniasis;  thin, watery, yellow-gray foul-smelling ("fishy") discharge may betoken Gardnerella.
Determine if the viral infection is either chief or recurrent.	Both herpes viruses (CMV and herpes simplex virus II [HSV-Two]) recur in times of stress. Nonetheless only primary CMV is problematic to the fetus, and simply 50% of fetuses exposed are affected. Although recurrent HSV-II is associated with reduced viral shedding time, the newborn, if exposed to the virus at delivery, can be affected with either visible lesions or a disseminated type of the disease.
Determine status of maternal membranes. If they are ruptured, monitor blood cell count and fetal heart charge per unit; or vaginal discharge having an odor)	Infectious organisms transmitted via the ascending  road including Chlamydia, mycoplasmas, Ureaplasma urealyticum, develop bacteremia and pneumonia or peradventure meningitis.
Obtain advisable specimens and monitor laboratory/ diagnostic studies every bit indicated:
Vaginal/rectal culture for gonococci/chlamydiae	Approximately forty%–60% of patients with civilization positive gonococcus take concomitant chlamydial infection, the almost common STD associated with conjunctivitis and pneumonia of the newborn. Other than ophthalmia neonatorum, gonorrheal infection of the newborn is exceptional, simply does increment rate of neonatal mortality associated with overwhelming infection.
Vaginal/cervical culture for Listeria monocytogenes and Group B streptococcus (GBS)	Fever of nonspecific origin and history of abortions, neonatal meningitis, sepsis, congenital listeriosis, or postpartum maternal sepsis may indicate recurrent listerial infections requiring treatment. From 5%–30% of women have positive cultures for GBS, yet may exist asymptomatic. Although antepartum treatment for GBS carriers is not recommended, intrapartum treatment with antibiotics is indicated for all women with positive cultures.
Urine for routine urinalysis, civilisation, and sensitivity	Asymptomatic bacteriuria (colony count greater than 100,000/mL) occurs in as many equally 12% of prenatal clients and has been associated with acute and chronic pyelonephritis, preterm delivery, chorioamnionitis, postpartum maternal sepsis, and built defects. From 1%–5% UTIs are linked to GBS, which is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis
Rubella titer	From 5%–15% of women of childbearing historic period are still susceptible to rubella, which has identifiable teratogenic effects on the fetus. If rubella is contracted in the first trimester, the fetus has no take chances of escaping teratogenic furnishings. If rubella is contracted in the 2nd trimester, the fetus has a fifty% chance of being afflicted.
Serum for hepatitis B screen for clients in high-risk grouping (due east.g., Asians, Central Americans, natives of Caribbean area islands)	Hepatitis in the outset and second trimesters rarely affects the fetus. Women who contract hepatitis in the third trimester have a 60% gamble of transmitting information technology to offspring coming in contact with blood products at the fourth dimension of delivery. Carrier condition can be passed on to infants if they are non treated at nascence. This can perchance result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Serum for CD4+, T-lymphocyte count	Determines number of T4 helper cells to monitor progression of HIV.
Serum for HIV screen if high-run a risk behaviors are present (injection drug users; health care  professionals, laboratory technicians, dialysis  workers; those having exposure to bisexual partners, recipients of claret or blood production transfusions)	AIDS destroys the allowed system, causing a variety of problems, including Herpes simplex virus-II, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, and pneumonia.
Assistance as necessary with sputum collection and chest ten-rays for client with respiratory symptoms.	Helps in identifying causative organism in bacterial pneumonia and agile tuberculosis. Note: Tuberculosis is not exacerbated by pregnancy.
Administer antibiotics/medications as indicated:
Acyclovir (Zovirax) capsules	Generally non recommended in handling of HSV-2, unless primary infection disseminates.
HPA-23 and zidovudine (Retrovir, formerly AZT)	Although controversial, these drugs are approved by the FDA and have been shown to reduce transmission to the fetus past 68% and to prolong life in HIV-positive clients. Research suggests ZVD administration in the second trimester can reduce maternal transmission of HIV to the neonate by over sixty%.
Penicillin/penicillin G, erythromycin and Ceftriaxone or spectinomycin	UTI, listeriosis, gonorrhea, syphilis, bacterial pneumonia, all respond to antimicrobial treatment. Note: Prenatal treatment of client who is carrier of GBS is not effective, considering recolonization can occur earlier nascency, with infant nevertheless at risk for neonatal sepsis or meningitis.
Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and sulfadiazine	Controls agile disease progression in toxoplasmosis, just have known teratogenic effects on fetus during the first and probably second trimesters.
Folic acrid	Counteracts side effects of pyrimethamine.
Metronidazole (Flagyl)	Indicated for treatment of trichomonal infections after 20 weeks' gestation. Handling in the beginning twenty weeks' is symptomatic; the trichomonal infection may exist receptive to Mycelex vaginal suppositories. Note: Both partners must be treated to prevent reinfection.
Miconazole (Monistat), tioconazole (Vagistat) or clotrimazole (Mycelex) suppositories/vaginal tablets	Indicated for handling of Candida albicans. Note:Diabetic client is prone to monilial infection, which may exist extremely resistant to prenatal handling.
Hepatitis A or B allowed globulin (HAIB/HBIG)	Recommended for exposure to hepatitis A or B.
Isoniazid (INH) in combination with rifampin (Rifadin) and the addition of ethambutol (Myambutol) when INH resistance is suspected	Handling of option for tuberculosis (or seroconversion to positive PPD in last two twelvemonth), with no known teratogenic furnishings. Streptomycin is avoided, owing to its clan with vestibular and auditory defects, and pyrazinamide is also contraindicated. If fourth dimension of seroconversion is unknown and chest x-ray is negative, treatment is begun after pregnancy; or if client is over age 35 with unknown or prolonged positive PPD, INH prophylaxis is not recommended in the absence of active illness because of risk of hepatotoxicity. Note: Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is recommended for any pregnant woman receiving INH.
Prepare for/assistance in transfer to tertiary care center as indicated.	Availability of staff and equipment ensures optimal care of loftier-take a chance customer and fetus/newborn.
Gear up for termination of pregnancy or labor induction, as indicated.	Pregnancy may exist terminated for such conditions as toxoplasmosis occurring prior to xx wk gestation or rubella in the first trimester. Notation: AZT in combination with cesarean nascency decreases neonatal HIV infection rate, allowing pregnancy to be carried to term as appropriate, in presence of maternal HIV infection.

---

Acute Pain

Acute Pain: Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from bodily or potential tissue impairment or described in terms of such impairment; sudden or slow onset of whatever intensity from mild to astringent with anticipated or predictable stop and a duration of <6 months.

May exist related to

• Body response to an infective agent, properties of infection (e.thousand., skin/tissue irritation, evolution of lesions).

Maybe evidenced by

• Verbal reports, restlessness, withdrawal from social contact.

Desired Outcomes

• Patient will identify/use individually appropriate comfort measures.
• Patient will demonstrate employ of relaxation skills and diversional activities.
• Patient volition report discomfort is relieved/controlled.

Nursing Interventions	Rationale
Identify source, location, and extent of discomfort; note signs and symptoms of infectious process.	To determine the course of handling and individual interventions.
Provide data about hygienic measures such every bit frequent bathing, use of cotton underwear, and application of cornstarch for customer with vaginal discharge associated with STDs (chlamydial infection or gonorrhea).	Helps promote dryness and forestall skin breakdown.
Provide information regarding use of warm sitz baths, use of hair dryer on genital surface area, urinating through an empty toilet newspaper tube, and wearing loose-fitting jeans/pants and cotton wool underwear for customer with HSV-2.	Prevents discomfort associated with urine coming in contact with lesions; Helps go on genital area dry/clean;
Encourage increasing oral fluid intake and voiding in warm sitz bath for customer with Urinary tract infection.	Helps prevent stasis; warmth relaxes perineum and urinary meatus to facilitate voiding.
Encourage the use of humidified air, increased fluid intake, and utilise of semi-Fowler's position during sleep for clients with respiratory infections, such as tuberculosis.	Helps liquefy secretions and facilitates respiratory operation. Upright position allows diaphragm to descend, thereby facilitating lung expansion.
Encourage rest for customer who has tuberculosis or influenza-like symptoms associated with listeriosis, rubella, or toxoplasmosis.	Reduces metabolic charge per unit; facilitates response of individual immune system to infection.
Administer medications equally indicated:
Analgesics (east.yard., acetaminophen, codeine)	Relieves discomfort associated with backache, neuralgia, cervical lymphadenopathy, and perineal lesions. Note: In toxic levels, acetaminophen can cause liver damage. Use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) can result in alteration of fetal clotting.
Antipyretics	Reduce fever and chills. Note: In client with PROM, administration of analgesic that may have antipyretic properties (eastward.k., acetaminophen) should be avoided because it may mask temperature rise that would signal infection.
Antibiotics specific to organisms cultured	Eradicates organisms associated with UTI, bacterial pneumonia, STDs (gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydial infection), and listeriosis. Relieves flu-similar symptoms associated with listeriosis.
HPA-23	An experimental anti-AIDS drug that may assist reduce discomforts associated with HSV-Two, candidiasis, pneumonia, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
Lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine) ointment	Helps provide local anesthesia to herpetic lesions.

---

Deficient Knowledge

Deficient Knowledge:  Absence or deficiency of cognitive information related to specific topic.

May be related to

• Lack of exposure to information and/or unfamiliarity with resources, misinterpretation.

Maybe evidenced by

• Verbalization of problem.
• Inaccurate follow-through of instructions.
• Development of preventable complications/continuation of infectious process.

Desired Outcomes

• Patient will verbalize agreement of the importance of providing necessary information for data collection.
• Patient will identify appropriate preventive practices.
• Patient will adopt behaviors/lifestyle changes as indicated.
• Patient will follow-through with individual treatment regimen.
• Patient volition listing signs and symptoms that necessitate evaluation/intervention.

Nursing Interventions	Rationale
Identify signs/symptoms of infection. Hash out importance of prompt reporting to healthcare provider.	Maternal infection may not be serious, simply can take serious implications for the fetus. Timely intervention may prevent complications and enhance likelihood of a positive outcome.
Identify risk factors associated with customer'southward lifestyle.	Injection drug users are susceptible to percutaneous transmission of HSV-II, HBV, HIV/AIDS, and other STDs. Involvement with multiple sex partners also increases risk of being infected.
Provide data apropos identified risks associated with client'south employment or profession. Stress the use of gloves and the importance of handwashing esp. when client must handle blood products,saliva, or urine.	Dialysis workers and healthcare professionals who handle body fluids or blood products are at high-take chances for exposure to HSV-II, HIV, and HBV, and need to utilise universal precautions.
Discuss way of manual of specific infections, as appropriate.	Provides data to aid the client in making decisions relative to lifestyle/behavioral changes; reinforces need for partner to be treated.
Discuss importance of avoiding contact with persons known to have infections, such as upper respiratory infections, tuberculosis, rubella (if non allowed), and hepatitis. Stress the need for immunization for rubella subsequently delivery equally indicated.	Preventing exposure helps reduce the risk of acquiring infection. From 5%–fifteen% of women of childbearing age are nevertheless susceptible to rubella, which is spread by droplets. Immunization afterward delivery results in amnesty during subsequent pregnancies
Provide information almost possible effects of infection on client/fetus.	Infection affects approximately fifteen% of all pregnancies. For some infections, such as rubella, the outcome may be fairly predictable, if the gestational historic period at which the fetus was exposed is known. For other maternal infections, such equally those caused past Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma, or Listeria organisms, it is more than difficult to predict the fetal/neonatal upshot, especially because the client may be asymptomatic. Nearly infections do non pose serious problems to the mother, just tin can have varying effects on the fetus. Two thirds of these exposed infants are infected in utero, with resultant effects on the liver and encephalon. Ascending tract infections take a greater chance of resulting in neonatal bacteremia and pneumonia.
Recommend wearing gloves while gardening, avoiding contact with cat litter boxes while significant, and cooking meats to appropriate internal temperatures.	Helps prevent toxoplasmosis, most commonly acquired in the The states through contact with cat feces. Some French and Japanese meat dishes are eaten raw or undercooked, thereby increasing the risk of acquiring toxoplasmosis.
Encourage client to drink vi–8 glasses of fluid per day and to void regularly. Hash out results of urine test.	May help preclude UTI associated with stasis. Client with asymptomatic bacteriuria (colony count greater than 100,000/ml) may be at take chances for premature delivery, congenital defects in offspring, or anemia.
Review hygiene measures, including wiping vulva from forepart to back later urinating and washing hands oftentimes (including afterwards animal contact.)	Helps prevent rectal E. coli contaminants from reaching the vagina and reduces contamination with other viruses/bacteria that may be transmitted by poor hygiene practices. Listerial infection is idea to exist transmitted via brute contact.
Suggest customer void following intercourse.	May forbid/reduce risk of UTI and transmission of STD, especially CMV, and nongonococcal urethritis.
Suggest alternative ways of sexual gratification for client with active HSV-II, HIV/AIDS, or HBV.	Fondling or masturbation for sexual gratification helps forbid spread of infection to sexual partner.
Discuss necessary treatments that may have serious fetal implications, such as sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine (used to treat toxoplasmosis), or oral sulfonamides (used to treat UTI during the latter weeks of gestation).	These medications accept known teratogenic effects on newborn. When toxoplasmosis is nowadays, the fetus tin be damaged by either the disease or the treatment. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus may occur with the utilise of oral sulfonamides.
Discuss possible furnishings of infection on type and timing of delivery.	Operative delivery may be indicated in the case of sure infections, such equally HSV-Ii if client has agile herpes with intact membranes or if membranes are ruptured for more than 4–6 hr. If client or fetus has developed an ascending tract infection following PROM, fetus may demand to exist delivered prior to term to preclude maternal/fetal sepsis.
Discuss implications of PROM for client and fetus/neonate.	Membrane rupture more than than 18 hr earlier delivery increases the risk of ascending tract infection, with resultant chorioamnionitis and maternal/neonatal sepsis. Common causative organisms in ascending tract infections include GBS, Chlamydiae, and Haemophilus influenzae.
Review available options in cases of known teratogenic effects.	Fetus is more susceptible to furnishings of rubella early in gestation. HBV poses more risks for the fetus in the third trimester. Teratogenic effects of toxoplasmosis include growth retardation, CNS calcification, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, and chorioretinitis. In cases of rubella infection or toxoplasmosis, customer/couple may elect to finish the pregnancy, depending on stage of gestation in which exposure occurs.
Discuss implications of specific disease procedure/ treatment as appropriate:
UTIs	Client may have asymptomatic bacteriuria with large colony counts (greater than 100,000/ml), and culture may be positive for GBS, Ureaplasma organisms, or Mycoplasma organisms, placing client at risk for sepsis during and following commitment, and placing the newborn at risk for early- or late-onset infection.
GBS and antibiotic handling for the chronic carrier	Occurring in 5%–xxx% of pregnant women, GBS is the leading crusade of neonatal meningitis and is associated with neonatal sepsis, and with chorioamnionitis if it occurs at37 weeks' gestation and is accompanied by PROM. Treating client with antibiotics (penicillin) prior to 38 weeks' gestation is ineffective considering the bacteria will probably recolonize before delivery. Antibiotics given after 38 weeks' gestation finer care for the client, just not the fetus. However, intrapartal treatment for clients with positive GBS culture (between 35 and 37 wk) or prophylaxis for at-take a chance clients may be useful in preventing GBS disease in the neonate.
Listeriosis and handling with penicillin	It is uncertain how the fetus/infant contracts listeriosis; however, the infection tin result in abortion if it is contracted between 17 and 28 weeks' gestation, or cause newborn problems such as meningitis, mental retardation, or hydrocephalus if information technology is contracted afterwards 28 weeks' gestation.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Manual by sexual contact requires that both partners be treated, that condoms exist used, and that orogenital sex is avoided until mail-treatment cultures are negative at two consecutive follow-up visits.
Chlamydial infection and prenatal treatment with antibiotics	Chlamydia transmitted to the fetus through the ascending route can cause conjunctivitis or pneumonia in the first 3–4 mo after nativity.
HSV-II	Spread occurs through sexual contact during viral shedding, which lasts 21 days in active primary infections and 12 days in recurrent infections. A stressor such as pregnancy may cause viral shedding.
Positive HIV status	Incubation periods for HIV range from half dozen mo to 5 or more yr. Because of its immunosuppressive properties, HIV/AIDS results in opportunistic infections, which include pneumonia, meningitis, and encephalitis, caused by CMV, herpes viruses, Toxoplasma, Histoplasma, Candida, or Pneumocystis carinii.
Main, secondary, and third stages of syphilis and treatment with penicillin	Administration of penicillin effectively treats the fetus/newborn. The spirochete does not cross the placenta until sixteen–18 weeks' gestation. Primary and secondary stages of untreated syphilis may lead to stillbirth; tertiary stage results in congenital syphilis of the newborn.
Principal CMV infection during pregnancy;	Although CMV can recur in times of stress, but primary CMV can potentially cause cytomegalic inclusion disease in fifty% of the offspring of afflicted mothers.
Hepatitis A or B, including designation of hepatitis B carrier state (involving HBV, HBsAg, anti-HbcAg)	Exposure to hepatitis A or B may result in fetal anomalies, preterm nascency, intrauterine fetal decease, or fetal/neonatal hepatitis. Chronic HBV carrier states can result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer.
Supplemental pyridoxine (vitamin B6).	Helps prevent peripheral neuropathy when INH is used to treat agile tubercolsis.
Provide data, specific to infection, regarding possible long-term effects and incubation period.	For instance, longitudinal studies of children at age three.5–7 yr show that furnishings of CMV are ongoing, resulting in learning disabilities, motor deficits, deafness, and lower than normal IQs.
Discuss newborn care and the need for follow-up in infants born to mothers in active or carrier state of HBV.	Bathing the newborn immediately later on commitment and administering HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine will prevent the newborn from contracting the virus. Follow-up immunizations of the newborn with hepatitis B vaccine at 1 and half dozen mo are then necessary.
Identify self-assist groups and sources of community supports.	May aid client in gathering information and resolving bug.

lealpokinklant.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/maternal-and-child-nursing-notes/infections-pregnancy/

Bagikan Artikel ini